How to Grow Aragonite Crystals

Its easy to grow aragonite crystals! These sparkly crystals only require vinegar and a rock. Growing crystals is a fun way to learn about geology and chemistry. Materials To Grow Aragonite Crystals You only need two materials for this project: Dolomite rocksHousehold vinegar Dolomite is a common mineral. It is the basis for dolomite clay, which should also work for crystals, but if you grow them on a rock you get a beautiful mineral specimen. If you use clay, you might want to include another rock or a sponge as a base or substrate to support crystal growth. You can find the rocks at a store or online or you can play rockhound and collect them yourself. How To Grow the Crystals This is one of the easiest crystal-growing projects. Basically, you just soak the rock in vinegar. However, here are a couple of tips for the best crystals: If your rock is dirty, rinse it off and let it dry.Place a rock in a small container. Ideally, it will be slightly bigger than the rock, so you dont have to use a lot of vinegar. Its okay if the rock sticks out of the top of the container.Pour vinegar around the rock. Make sure you leave an exposed space at the top. The crystals will start to grow at the liquid line.As the vinegar evaporates, aragonite crystals will start to grow. Youll start to see the first crystals in a day. Depending on temperature and humidity, you should start to see really good growth around 5 days. It may take up to 2 weeks for the vinegar to completely evaporate and produce crystals as big as possible.You can remove the rock from the liquid whenever you are satisfied with the appearance of the aragonite crystals. Handle them carefully, as they will be brittle and fragile. What Is Aragonite? Dolomite is the source of the minerals used to grow the aragonite crystals. Dolomite is a sedimentary rock often found along the shores of ancient oceans. Aragonite is a form of calcium carbonate. Aragonite is found in hot mineral springs and in some caves. Another calcium carbonate mineral is calcite. Aragonite sometimes crystallizes into calcite. Aragonite and calcite crystals are chemically identically, but aragonite forms orthorhombic crystals, while calcite displays trigonal crystals. Pearls and mother of pearl are other forms of calcium carbonate.

Use of Thematic Maps in Geography

A thematic map emphasizes a theme or topic, such as the average distribution of rainfall in an area. Theyre different from general reference maps because they dont just show natural and manmade features such as rivers, cities, political subdivisions, and highways. If these items appear on a thematic map, theyre reference points to enhance ones understanding of the maps theme and purpose. Normally, thematic maps use coastlines, city locations, and political boundaries as their basis. The maps theme is then layered onto this base map via different mapping programs and technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS). History Thematic maps didnt develop until the mid-17th century, because accurate base maps didnt exist before then. Once maps became accurate enough to correctly display coastlines, cities, and other boundaries, the first thematic maps were created. In 1686, for example, English astronomer Edmond Halley developed a star chart and published the first meteorological chart using base maps as his reference in an article he wrote about trade winds. In 1701, Halley published the first chart to show lines of magnetic variation,  a thematic map that later became useful in navigation. Halleys maps were largely used for navigation and study of the physical environment. In 1854, London doctor John Snow created the first thematic map used for problem analysis when he mapped choleras spread throughout the city. He began with a base map of Londons neighborhoods that included streets and water pump locations. He then mapped locations where people had died from cholera on that base map and found that the deaths clustered around one pump. He determined that the water coming from the pump was the cause of cholera. The first map of Paris showing population density was developed by Louis-Leger Vauthier, a French engineer. It used isolines (lines connecting points of equal value) to show population distribution throughout the city. He is believed to have been the first to use isolines to display a theme that didnt have to do with physical geography. Audiences and Sources The most significant factor to consider when designing thematic maps is the maps audience, which helps determine what items should be included on the map as reference points in addition to the theme. A map being made for a political scientist, for example, would need to show political boundaries, whereas one for a biologist might need contours showing elevation. The sources of thematic maps data are also important. Cartographers must find accurate, recent, reliable sources of information on a wide range of subjects, from environmental features to demographic data, to make the best possible maps. Once accurate data is found, there are various ways to use that data that must be considered with the maps theme. Univariate mapping deals with only one type of data and looks at the occurrence of one type of event. This process would be good for mapping a locations rainfall. Bivariate data mapping shows the distribution of two data sets and models their correlations, such as rainfall amounts relative to elevation. Multivariate data mapping, which uses two or more data sets, could look at rainfall, elevation, and the amount of vegetation relative to both, for example. Types of Thematic Maps Although cartographers can use data sets in different ways to create thematic maps, five thematic mapping techniques are used most often: The most common is the choropleth map, which portrays quantitative data as a color and can show density, percent, average value, or quantity of an event within a geographic area. Sequential colors represent increasing or decreasing positive or negative data values. Normally, each color also represents a range of values.Proportional or graduated symbols are used in another type of map to represent data associated with locations, such as cities. Data is displayed on these maps with proportionally sized symbols to show differences in occurrences. Circles are most often used, but squares and other geometric shapes are also suitable. The most common way to size these symbols is to make their areas proportional to the values to be depicted using mapping or drawing software.Another thematic map, the isarithmic or contour map, uses isolines to depict continuous values such as precipitation levels. These maps also can display three-dimensional values, such as elevation, on topographic maps. G enerally, data for isarithmic maps is gathered via measurable points (e.g. weather stations) or is collected by area (e.g. tons of corn per acre by county). Isarithmic maps also follow the basic rule that there are high and low sides in relation to the isoline. For example, in elevation, if the isoline is 500 feet, then one side must be higher than 500 feet and one side must be lower.A dot map, another type of thematic map, uses dots to show the presence of a theme and display a spatial pattern. A dot can represent one unit or several, depending on what is being depicted.Finally, dasymetric mapping is a complex variation on the choropleth map that uses statistics and additional information to combine areas with similar values instead of using the administrative boundaries common in a simple choropleth map.

Genetic Engineering Tutorial Free Essays

Chapter 14 Genetic Engineering Choose the best answer for each question. 1. Using this key, put the phrases in the correct order to form a plasmid carrying the recombinant DNA. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetic Engineering Tutorial or any similar topic only for you Order Now Key: 1) use restriction enzymes 2) Use DNA ligase 3) Remove plasmid from parent bacterium 4) Introduce plasmid into new host bacterium. A. 1, 2, 3, 4C. 3, 1, 2, 4 B. 4, 3, 2,1 D. 2, 3, 1, 4 2. Which is not a clone? A. a colony of identical bacterial cells B. identical quintuplets C. a forest of identical trees D. eggs produced by oogenesis E. copies of a gene through PCR 3. Restriction enzymes found in bacterial cells are ordinarily used A. during DNA replication B. to degrade the bacterial cell’s DNA C. to degrade viral DNA that enters the cell D. to attach pieces of DNA together 4. Recombinant DNA technology is used A. for gene therapy B. to clone a gene C. to make a particular protein D. to clone a specific piece of DNA E. All of these are correct 5. In order for bacterial cells to express human genes, A. the recombinant DNA must not contain introns. B. reverse transcriptase is sometimes used to make complementary DNA from an mRNA molecule. C. bacterial regulatory genes must be included. D. All of these are correct. 6. The polymerase chain reaction A. utilizes RNA polymerase B. takes place in huge bioreactors C. utilizes temperature insensitive enzyme D. makes lots of nonidentical copies of DNA E. All of these are correct 7. DNA fingerprinting can be used for which of these? A. identifying human remains B. identifying infectious diseases C. finding evolutionary links between organisms D. solving crimes E. All of these are correct 8. DNA amplified by PCR and then used for fingerprinting could come from A. ny diploid or haploid cell B. only white blood cells that have been karyotyped C. only skin cells after they are dead D. only purified animal cells E. both B and D are correct 9. Which of these pairs is incorrectly matched? A. DNA ligase – DNA fingerprint B. Restriction enzymes – Cloning C. DNA fragments – DNA fingerprinting D. DNA polymerase – PCR 10. Which of these is an incorrect statement ? A. bacteria secrete the biotechnology product into the medium B. plants are being engineered to have human proteins in their seeds. C. nimals are engineered to have a human protein in their milk. D. animals can be cloned, but plants and bacteria cannot. 11. Which of these is not needed in order to clone an animal? A. sperm from a donor animal B. nucleus from an adult animal cell C. enucleated egg from a donor animal D. host female to develop the embryo E. All of these are needed 12. Because the human genome Project, we know or will know the A. sequence of the base pairs of our DNA B. sequence of genes along the human chromosomes C. mutations that lead to genetic disorders D. All of these are correct 13. The restriction enzyme called EcoRI has cut double stranded DNA in the following manner. The piece of foreign DNA to be inserted has what bases from the left and from the right? 14. Which of these is a true statement? A. Plasmids can serve as vectors B. Plasmids are linear DNA found in viruses C. Plasmids can replicate in the host cell D. Both A and C are correct 15. Which of these is a benefit of having insulin produced by biotechnology? A. It is just as effective B. It can be mass produced C. It is less expensive D. All of the above How to cite Genetic Engineering Tutorial, Essay examples

Matrix and Analysis Worksheet free essay sample

Phoenix Material Multicultural Matrix and Analysis Worksheet Instructions: Part I: Select and identify six groups in the left-hand column. Complete the matrix. Part II: Write a summary. Part III: Format references consistent with APA guidelines. Part I: Matrix| What is the group’s history in the United States? | What is the group’s population in the United States? | What are some attitudes and customs people of this group may practice? | What is something you admire about this group’s people, lifestyle, or society? 1. White Americans| Whites here in the United States are classified as individuals that have origins with the Middle East, Europeans, and North Africa (U. S. Census Bureau, 2001). | A large part of the United States population of 230 million (approximately 78. 1%) is occupied by White Americans. | White Americans tend to sometimes be outspoken. They also value their independence and have strong religious beliefs. White Americans are very cordial with t heir greetings but pretty straightforward with their gestures. One thing that I admire about White Americans (especially those who are in my family) is their healthy lifestyles. In my opinion, they are one of the most health conscious races, and I admire that so much. | 2. African Americans| African Americans arrived in the United States on boats as slaves in the area that is now known as Jamestown, Virginia in the year of 1619. In the year 1808, the international slave trade was ended by Congress. Blacks often referred to themselves as Africans for their first 200 years or so here in the United States. | Approximately 38,929,319 (13. %) of the population here in the United States is that of black people. | Black Americans are known for their outlandish attitudes, but that is not necessarily true. Black people sensitive yet strong, and they have adapted throughout their lives because of the discrimination set against them. | One thing I admire about Black Americans is their overall strength and courage. The black race has endured so much over their lives, but they always find a way to stay strong and faithful no matter what. Also, Black Americans have strong religious beliefs and I admire that the most. 3. Hispanics| The United States citizens who are Spanish-speaking who were somehow brought into the country due to the end results of the Mexican War are considered as being Mexican Americans. Hispanic immigration into the United States is caused because of two reasons: an escape from any political persecution and for economic opportunities (Rodriguez, 1995). | Hispanics are currently the fastest-growing minority group in the United States constituting 16. 3% of the nation’s entire population. There population is 42,687,224. The attitudes and customs of Hispanics have a major presence on music, food, holidays, dance, and arts here in the United States. The Hispanic families in the United States are traditionally close-knit groups, and Spanish speakers are quite formal toward each other when speaking. | Family ties among Hispanics are very strong, and this is what I mostly admire about their race. Hispanic families often come together for different occasions (birthdays, holidays, baptisms, e tc. ) and they teach their children the importance of good manners, and respect for their elders. A good quality to have today. | 4. Pacific Islanders| The United States and Europe claimed political power over the Polynesian Islands which led to the United States overthrowing the individual monarchies of the islands. | Pacific Islanders are known for having the largest amount of people that reports more than one race out of the entire population of the United States. Pacific Islanders account for 0. 4% (540,013 people) according to the 2010 Census (U. S. Census Bureau, 2011). | The attitudes and customs of Pacific Islanders follow traditions that are based on principles from their ancestors that promote living noble and honorable lifestyles. Polynesian cultures include dancing, food, and traditional music. | I admire the fact that Pacific Islanders live very close family oriented and social lifestyles. Both immediate and extended family members work together in their community. | 5. Asians| Chinese Filipinos were the very first Asians that settled here in the United States. In the early 1840’s large numbers of Asian workers immigrated to the United States, but their conditions here in the states didn’t change or improve until post World War II. | The Asian population in the United States is comprised of 14,674,253 people (5. %) of the nation’s entire population. Asian Americans are one of the fastest growing ethnicity groups located in North America. | Asian families and groups are highly organized and structured Asian children are taught at very young ages not to threaten the welfare and integrity of their families. Also, everything is highly structured. | I admire two things about Asian ethnicities : the family/work ethics and their cuisine. Asian philosophies teaches principles of balance, harmony, and peace. Also, I think that Asian cuisine is very delicious. | 6. Native Americans| The histories of Native Americans were first learned in school with Pilgrims that settled in New England. But Native Americans are composed of many distinct ethnic groups and tribes that manage to survive while in political communities. | The percentage of Native Americans here in the United States is 1. 7% (2,932,248 people) Native Americans have many tribes within this population. | The attitudes, customs, and traditions of Native Americans have been a vital source of their survival. Each Native American tribe or group holds its own beliefs, so their culture varies. But Native Americans are indigenous people with unique cultures and backgrounds. | My mother is actually a Choctaw Indian from Louisiana, and I love and admire our culture, traditions, and their overall way of life. Sadly, most of their past have been destroyed, but they always manage to stay strong and stand tall no matter what. | Most| | Part II:Analysis| Summarize what you learned from this activity in a 350-700 word analysis of the advantages of a multicultural society and labor force. Use the following questions to guide your writing:How has U. S. society used each group’s culture to construct the group identity? How has each group been stereotyped? How accurate are these stereotypes? Multicultural societies of several ethnicity groups in America that I mentioned above have had many contributions from the United States. Most ethnicities discussed had to deal with difficulties that was based on discrimination and stereotypes. The society of the United States have used the culture of each group in order to come up with group identities that were solely based on each group’s capabilities. White Americans have been stereotyped as being money hungry and self-involved people who know nothing about other struggles of other cultures. But, having white Americans in my husband’s family, I know that these stereo types are wrong. African Americans have been discriminated against by once being forced into slavery. This fact has indeed been proven in the past. I have noticed in the past that Hispanics have been stereotyped as being illegally placed into the United States. The only stereotypes against Pacific Islanders that I am aware of are many of the Pacific Islander men reporting discrimination against them for â€Å"supposedly† being violent. This stereotype hasn’t been proved. Asians have been stereotyped in the past as being a model minority. Unfortunately, they have also been victims of hate crimes because of other people stereotyping them. One of the main stereotypes for Native Americans is being nature lovers that demands that everyone else respects nature the same. How does the social concept of race relate to each group? What prejudice has each group faced? The social concept of race is important to each group because it helps define who they are. Of course other races could discriminate against each group identified, but that doesn’t stop them from being who they really or, or showing love for their heritage and beliefs. It is pretty difficult to summarize prejudice that each group has faced, but I believe that each group uses everything they have been through (both mentally and physically) in a way that they could possibly learn from it and become a stronger, closer group. Overall, prejudice and stereotypes are the social concepts of each group How do the behavior and thinking patterns of U. S. culture apply to each group, especially regarding class systems and employment? The behavior and thinking patterns of culture in the United States can cause the minority groups that listed above to be discriminated against in class systems or at their jobs. Prejudice and discrimination will probably be the main factors. | Part III:Sources| Format your sources consistent with APA guidelines. Rodriguez, S. (1995). Hispanics in the United States: An Insight into group characteristics. Department of Health and Human Services. United States Census Bureau (2011). â€Å" The White Population: 2000. † Retrieved from http://www. quickfacts. census. gov/qfd/states/00000. htmlUnited States Census Bureau (2011). â€Å"Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. † Retrieved from http://www. census. gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02. pdf |