Analysis of Nutrient Composition in Fermented Fish Meal

Analysis of Nutrient Composition in Fermented Fish Meal INTRODUCTION Background of study Fish meal had been used as feed stuff since the 19th century starting in Northern Europe and North America where it undergoes drying and grinding before turned into fishmeal for animal feed (Ariyawansa, 2000). Major portion more than 60 percent of fish meal produced worldwide is used for aquaculture farming and due to increasing extension of aquaculture farming in Asia, the demand for fish meal increases dramatically although the supply are unable to grow correspondingly. Fish meal are made from undersized or low value fishes which is unfit for human consumption (Ponce Gernat, 2002) and are discarded at sea or left unutilized. These unutilized fish are then be used to turn it into a source of high protein feed for animal consumption. However, these days, fishmeal is mostly produced from smaller oily fish specifically caught for the production of fishmeal (Leeson Summers, 2005). Now days, the interest of pursuing good-quality, low cost protein sources has been increasing worldwide. These are due to the total cost of feed where nutrition is the most expensive component in the intensive aquaculture industry representing 50% of the operational cost of aquaculture production (Sulieman Ahmed, 2011). Shortage in world fishmeal production together with the increasing demand for fishmeal in the livestock and poultry industry had caused reduction in the dependence of fishmeal as one of the main protein source in aquaculture (El-Sayed, 1999). Fishmeal had been the major choice for many aquaculture producer also livestock producer due to the excellent amino acid balance (Rand et al., 1960; Ponce Gernat, 2002), rich in protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B12 choline, niacin, pantothenic acid and riboflavin (Ponce Gernat, 2002). Due to its high nutrient content, fishmeal had been used as a source of protein in diets of pig (Kim Ester, 2001), Poultry (Ponce Gernat, 2002) and aquatic animals (Steffens, 1994). Tilapias had been part of the major farmed species in Malaysia constituting over 46 % of total aquaculture production (Ng et al., 2013). In 2007, the production of fisheries sector in Malaysia contributed 1.42 million tonnes of seafood valued (US$1.66 billion) (DOF, 2007). Out of the 1.42 million tons, around 16 percent (268 500 tonnes) of it were contributed by the aquaculture industry valued around US$0.41 billion (DOF, 2007; Ng et al., 2013). Favors from the government policies (MOA, 1999) had impact an increase production of the aquaculture species (Ng, 2009) which were proven by the annual growth recorded of an increase in 10 percent from 1993 to 2007 (Ng et al., 2013). Tilapias constitutes many species of the Cichlidae family where these fishes are prevalent to Africa and the Middle East but long before, they were presented into most tropical and subtropical countries for aquatic weed control and aquaculture farming (Boyd, 2004). Red hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis sp are gaining p opularity among aquaculture producer due to their resemblance to premium marine species such as sea bream (Chrysophrys major) and red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) (Stickney, 1986) also due to its excellent growth and feed conversion rates in freshwater (Liao and Chen 1983; Watanabe et al., 1989). Red hybrid tilapia is originally genetic mutants that are selected from tilapia species of genus Oreochromis. They are crossed with two different types of species or even more and hence that is what constitutes the genes of red hybrid tilapia. Taxonomically, Oreochromis differs from other tilapias due to the difference of female incubating fertilized eggs in their mouth. 1.2  Problem statement Crude Protein (CP) content in an animal’s feed is very crucial for the development of growth of the animal. In Livestock, Aquaculture and Poultry production, each of them requires the usage of feed with high percentage of crude protein making it important in the animal production field. In this part, fish meal is one of the meals that contain the highest number of crude protein available in animal field. Fish meal was used in the production of aquaculture, poultry and also livestock making it to be the highest demand feed resource around the world. Due to its high demand, many companies started producing fish meal using fishes and it’s by product which is not suitable for human consumption. What happens nowadays is that, due to rapid production of fish meal, the number of resources to produce fish meal which is the fishes drops rapidly causing it hard to produce fish meal. What comes next is that; feed producers starts to find alternative resources to replace fish meal. Focus had been onto plant-based resource such as soybean, oilseed and etc. which can be found easily anywhere and is cheap. Targeting to gain the highest crude protein in the feed that they produce high protein plant-based types are used such as palm oil, soy bean and others. Fermentation is a method which had been used ages before to prolong shelf life of the abject. Knowing what microbes will be available in the Fermented Fish Meal sample makes it easier to study what causes the fermentation to happen smoothly and also what microbes that can trigger the success of the fermentation process. Research Hypothesis Fish meal that undergoes fermentation process will have an increase in crude protein and decrease in anti-nutritional factors and when it is given to the Red Hybrid Tilapia, the growth and survival rate would increase compared to unfermented fish meal. Ho : p≠¤ 0.05 Fermented Fish Meal significantly can increase the growth rate of Red Hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis sp. Ha : p> 0.05 Fermented Fish Meal significantly can decrease the growth rate of Red Hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis sp. 1.4  Research Objectives To investigate the nutrient composition in fermented fish meal and microbes available in the fermented fish meal that aids in the fermentation process. To study the effects of fermented fish meal on the feed consumption, growth and survival rate of Red Hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis sp. 1.5  Scope of research The scopes of this research are as follow: Fish Nutrition Microbiology 1.6  Significance of Study According to the research title, this research study would be focusing on the content of crude protein in the fermented fishmeal whether it will be increasing or decreasing. This is important because by studying on this matter we can find other alternative to increase the protein content in the feed that we want to use. Feed prices are very pricey due to the content of crude protein as it is one of the main components needed for growth of any animal. Further, this study would also be reviewing on the microbial activity in the fermented fish meal and the type of microbes present during fermentation that causes the fermented feed to turn out well. In regards to that, it is best to know what causes the fermentation to work and whether the microbes affect any changes that happen to the feed. Other than that, this study is determined to prove whether by feeding fermented fishmeal to Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis sp), the growth of the fish would be faster and better. With these analyses , it is hoped that the improvement of feed through fermentation will help to shorten the period of growing out for the fish hence it will be beneficial to the producers.

The Characteristics of a Perfectly Competitive Market Structure

Characteristics of a perfectly competitive market structure The four main characteristics of a perfectly competitive market are as follows: A large number of small firms, identical products sold by all firms, no barriers on entry or exit and perfect knowledge of prices and technology. These characteristics mean that a perfectly competitive firm is unable to exert control over the market, as a large number of perfect substitutes exist for the output produced by any given firm.The demand curve for a perfectly competitive firm’s output is perfectly elastic. This means that a consumer will not buy a good or service if the price rises, due to not being a necessity. An example could be an airplane ticket since vacation travel is not an essential service. Freedom of entry into and exit out of the industry means that capital and other resources are perfectly mobile and that it is not possible to erect barriers to entry.Perfect knowledge means that all firms operate on the same footing , that buyers know about all possible perfect substitutes for a given good and that firms actually do produce identical products. A perfectly competitive market or industry contains a large number of small firms, each of which is relatively small compared to the overall size of the market. Ensuring that no single firm can exert control over price or quantity. If one firm decides to double its output or halt production, the market remains unaffected.Each firm in a perfectly competitive market sells an identical product. Essentially, this means that the buyers cannot discern any difference between the products, as there are no brand names or distinguishing features that differentiate products by firm. Thus every perfectly competitive firm produces a good which is a perfect substitute for the output of every other firm in the market. As such, no firm can charge a different price than that received by other firms. Changing price would result in buyers switching to other goods that are p erfect substitutes.Furthermore, perfectly competitive firms are able to freely enter or exit an industry, as they aren’t restricted by government rules and regulations, start-up costs or other barriers to entry. Perfectly competitive firms don’t incur high start-up cost or need government permits to enter an industry. Likewise it is not prevented from leaving an industry, as is the case for government regulated public utilities. Perfectly competitive firms are also free to acquire without delay and restrictions whatever resources they need e. . Land and labour. Subsequently, as a result of perfect knowledge, consumers are completely aware of a firm’s prices, such that one firm cannot sell its goods higher prices than those of other firms. Each firm also has information about prices charged by other firms, in order to avoid charging less or more of the market price. Perfect knowledge also extends to technology, so all firms have access to all production technique s, no firm can producer its output faster, better or cheaper than another firm.

Night World : Huntress Chapter 10

Jez held herself perfectly still, keeping her face expressionless. Her mind was clicking through strategies. Two exits-but to go out the window meant a three-story drop, and she probably wouldn't survive that in her condition. Although, of course, she couldn't leave anyway without doing something to silence Morgead-and she wouldn't survive a fight, either†¦. She suppressed any feeling, returned Morgead's gaze, and said calmly, â€Å"And why is that?† Triumph flashed in his eyes. â€Å"Jez Redfern. That's the key, isn't it? Your family.† Ill have to kill him somehow, she thought, but he was going on. â€Å"Your family sent you. Hunter Redfern. He knows that I've really found the Wild Power, and he expects you to get it out of me.† Relief spread slowly through Jez, and her stomach muscles relaxed. She didn't let it show. â€Å"You idiot! Of course not. I don't run errands for the Council.† Morgead's lip lifted. â€Å"I didn't say the Council. I said Hunter Redfern. He's trying to steal a march on the Council, isn't he? He wants the Wild Power himself. To restore the Redferns to the glory of old. You're running errands for him.† Jez choked on exasperation. Then she listened to the part of her mind that was telling her to keep her temper and think clearly. Strategy, that part was saying. He's just handed you the answer and you're trying to smack it away. â€Å"All right; what if that is true?† she said at last, her voice curt. â€Å"What if I do come from Hunter?† â€Å"Then you can tell him to get bent. I told the Council my terms. I'm not settling for anything less.† â€Å"And what were your terms?† He sneered. â€Å"As if you didn't know.† When she just stared at him, he shrugged and stopped pacing. â€Å"A seat on the Council,† he said coolly, arms folded. Jez burst out laughing. â€Å"You,† she said, â€Å"are out of your mind.† â€Å"I know they won't give it to me.† He smiled, not a nice smile. â€Å"I expect them to offer something like control of San Francisco. And some position after the millennium.† After the millennium. Meaning after the apocalypse, after the human race had been killed or subjugated or eaten or whatever else Hunter Redfern had in mind. â€Å"You want to be a prince in the new world order,† Jez said slowly, and she was surprised at how bitterly it came out. She was surprised at how surprised she was. Wasn't it just what she expected of Morgead? â€Å"I want what's coming to me. All my Life I've had to stand around and watch humans get everything. After the millennium things will be different.† He glared at her broodingly. Jez still felt sick. But she knew what to say now. â€Å"And what makes you think the Council is going to be around after the millennium?† She shook her head. â€Å"You're better off going with Hunter. I'd bet on him against the Council any day.† Morgead blinked once, lizardlike. â€Å"He's planning on getting rid of the Council?† Jez held his gaze. â€Å"What would you do in his place?† Morgead's expression didn't get any sweeter. But she could see from his eyes that she had him. He turned away sharply and went to glower out the window. Jez could practically see the wheels turning in his head. Finally he looked back. â€Å"All right,† he said coldly. â€Å"Ill join Hunter's team-but only on my terms. After the millennium-â€Å" â€Å"After the millennium you'll get what you deserve.† Jez couldn't help glaring back at him. Morgead brought out all her worst traits, all the things she tried to control in herself. â€Å"You'll get a position,† she amended, spinning the story she knew he wanted to hear. She was winging it, but she had no choice. â€Å"Hunter wants people loyal to him in the new order. And if you can prove you're valuable, he'll want you. But first you have to prove it. Okay? Deal?† â€Å"If I can trust you.† â€Å"We can trust each other because we have to. We both want the same thing. If we do what Hunter wants, we both win.† â€Å"So we cooperate-for the time being.† â€Å"We cooperate-and we see what happens,† Jez said evenly. They stared at each other from opposite sides of the room. It was as if the blood sharing had never happened. They were back to their old roles- maybe a little more hostile, but the same old Jez and Morgead, enjoying being adversaries. Maybe it'll be easy from now on, Jez thought. As long as Hunter doesn't show up to blow my story. Then she grinned inwardly. It would never happen. Hunter Redfern hadn't visited the West Coast for fifty years. â€Å"Business,† she said crisply, out loud. â€Å"Where's the Wild Power, Morgead?† â€Å"Ill show you.† He walked over to the futon and sat down. Jez stayed where she was. â€Å"You'll show me what?† â€Å"Show you the Wild Power.† There was a TV with a VCR at the foot of the bed, sitting on the bare floor. Morgead was putting a tape in. Jez settled on the far end of the futon, glad for the chance to sit. â€Å"You've got the Wild Power on tape?† He threw her an icy glance over his shoulder. â€Å"Yeah, on America's Funniest Home Videos. Just shut up, Jez, and watch.† Jez narrowed her eyes and watched. What she was looking at was a TV movie about a doomsday asteroid. A movie she'd seen-it had been awful. Suddenly the action was interrupted by the logo of a local news station. A blond anchorwoman came on screen. â€Å"Breaking news in San Francisco this hour. We have live pictures from the Marina district where a five-alarm fire is raging through a government housing project. We go now to Linda Chin, who's on the scene.† The scene switched to a dark-haired reporter. â€Å"Regina, I'm here at Taylor Street, where firefighters are trying to prevent this spectacular blaze from spreading-â€Å" Jez looked from the TV to Morgead. â€Å"What's this got to do with the Wild Power? I saw it live. It happened a couple weeks ago. I was watching that stupid movie-â€Å" She broke off, shocked at herself. She'd actually been about to say â€Å"I was watching that stupid movie with Claire and Aunt Nan.† Just like that, to blurt out the names of the humans she lived with. She clenched her teeth, furious. She'd already let Morgead know one thing: that a couple of weeks ago she'd been in this area, where a local news station could break in. What was wrong with her? Morgead tilted a sardonic glance at her, just to show her that he hadn't missed her slip. But all he said was â€Å"Keep watching. You'll see what it's got to do with the Wild Power.† On screen the flames were brilliant orange, dazzling against the background of darkness. So bright that if Jez hadn't known that area of the Marina district well, she wouldn't have been able to tell much about it. In front of the building firefighters in yellow were carrying hoses. Smoke flooded out suddenly as one of the hoses sprayed a straight line of water into the flames. â€Å"Their greatest fear is that there may be a little girl still inside this complex-â€Å" Yes. That was what Jez remembered about this fire. There had been a kid†¦. â€Å"Look here,† Morgead said, pointing. The camera was zooming in on something, bringing the flames in close. A window in the pinky-brown concrete of the building. High up, on the third floor. Flames were pouring up from the walkway below it, making the whole area look too dangerous to approach. The reporter was still talking, but Jez had tuned her out. She leaned closer, eyes fixed on that window. Like all the other windows, it was half covered with a wrought-iron screen in a diamond pattern. Unlike the others, it had something else: On the sill there were a couple of plastic buckets with dirt and scraggly plants. A window box. And a face looking out between the plants. A child's face. â€Å"There,† Morgead said. The reporter was speaking. â€Å"Regina, the firefighters say there is definitely someone on the third floor of this building. They are looking for a way to approach the person-the little girl-â€Å" High-powered searchlights had been turned on the flames. That was the only reason the girl was visible at all. Even so, Jez couldn't distinguish any features. The girl was a small blurry blob. Firefighters were trying to maneuver some kind of ladder toward the building. People were running, appearing and disappearing in the swirling smoke. The scene was eerie, otherworldly. Jez remembered this, remembered listening to the barely suppressed horror in the reporter's voice, remembered Claire beside her hissing in a sharp breath. â€Å"It's a kid,† Claire had said, grabbing Jez's arm and digging her nails in, momentarily forgetting how much she disliked Jez. â€Å"Oh, God, a kid.† And I said something like, â€Å"It'll be okay,† Jez remembered. But I knew it wouldn't be. There was too much fire. There wasn't a chance†¦. The reporter was saying, â€Å"The entire building is involved†¦.† And the camera was going in for a close-up again, and Jez remembered realizing that they were actually going to show this girl burning alive on TV. The plastic buckets were melting. The firemen were trying to do something with the ladder. And then there was a sudden huge burst of orange, an explosion, as the flames below the window poofed and began pouring themselves upward with frantic energy. They were so bright they seemed to suck all the light out of their surroundings. They engulfed the girl's window. The reporter's voice broke. Jez remembered Claire gasping, â€Å"No†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and her nails drawing blood. She remembered wanting to shut her own eyes. And then, suddenly, the TV screen flickered and a huge wall of smoke billowed out from the building. Black smoke, then gray, then a light gray that looked almost white. Everything was lost in the smoke. When it finally cleared a little, the reporter was staring up at the building in open amazement, forgetting to turn toward the camera. â€Å"This is astonishing†¦. Regina, this is a complete turnaround†¦. The firefighters have-either the water has suddenly taken effect or something else has caused the fire to die†¦. I've never seen anything like this†¦.† Every window in the building was now belching white smoke. And the picture seemed to have gone washed-out and pale, because there were no more vivid orange flames against the darkness. The fire was simply gone. â€Å"I really don't know what's happened, Regina†¦. I think I can safely say that everybody here is very thankful. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The camera zoomed in on the face in the window. It was still difficult to make out features, but Jez could see coffee-colored skin and what seemed to be a calm expression. Then a hand reached out to gently pick up one of the melted plastic buckets and take it inside. The picture froze. Morgead had hit Pause. â€Å"They never did figure out what stopped the fire. It went out everywhere, all at once, as if it had been smothered.† Jez could see where he was going. â€Å"And you think it was some sort of Power that killed it. I don't know, Morgead–it's a pretty big assumption. And to jump from that to the idea that it was a Wild Power-â€Å" â€Å"You missed it, then.† Morgead sounded smug. â€Å"Missed what?† He was reversing the tape, going back to the moment before the fire went out. â€Å"I almost missed it myself when I saw it live. It was lucky I was taping it When I went back and looked again, I could see it clearly.† The tape was in slow motion now. Jez saw the burst of orange fire, frame by frame, getting larger. She saw it crawl up to engulf the window. And then there was a flash. It had only showed up as a flicker at normal speed, easily mistaken for some kind of camera problem. At this speed, though, Jez couldn't mistake it. It was blue. It looked like lightning or flame; blue-white with a halo of more intense blue around it. And it moved. It started out small, a circular spot right at the window. In the next frame it was much bigger, spreading out in all directions, fingers reaching into the flames. In the next frame it covered the entire TV screen, seeming to engulf the fire. In the next frame it was gone and the fire was gone with it. White smoke began to creep out of windows. Jez was riveted. â€Å"Goddess,† she whispered. â€Å"Blue fire.† Morgead ran the tape back to play the scene again. † ‘In blue fire, the final darkness is banished; In blood, the final price is paid.' If that girl isn't a Wild Power, Jez †¦ then what is she? You tell me.† â€Å"I don't know.† Jez bit her lip slowly, watching the strange thing blossom on the TV again. So the blue fire in the poem meant a new kind of energy. â€Å"You're beginning to convince me. But-â€Å" â€Å"Look, everybody knows that one of the Wild Powers is in San Francisco. One of the old hags in the witch circle-Grandma Harman or somebody- had a dream about it. She saw the blue fire in front of Coit Tower or something. And everybody knows that the four Wild Powers are supposed to start manifesting themselves around now. I think that girl did it for the first time when she realized she was going to die. When she got that desperate.† Jez could picture that kind of desperation; she'd pictured it the first time, when she'd been watching the fire live. How it must feel†¦ being trapped like that. Knowing that there was no earthly help for you, that you were about to experience the most terrible pain imaginable. Knowing that you were going to feel your body char and your hair burn like a torch and that it would take two or three endless minutes before you died and the horror was over. Yeah, you would be desperate, all right. Knowing all that might drag a new power out of you, a frantic burst of strength, like an unconscious scream pulled from the depths of yourself. But one thing bothered her. â€Å"If this kid is the Wild Power, why didn't her Circle notice what happened? Why didn't she tell them, ‘Hey, guys, look; I can put out fires now?'† Morgead looked annoyed. â€Å"What do you mean, her Circle?† â€Å"Well, she's a witch, right? You're not telling me vampires or shapeshifters are developing new powers like that.† â€Å"Who said anything about witches or vampires or shapeshifters? The kid's human.† Jez blinked. And blinked again, trying to conceal the extent of her astonishment. For a moment she thought Morgead was putting her on, but his green eyes were simply exasperated, not sly. â€Å"The Wild Powers†¦ can be human?† Morgead smiled suddenly-a smirk. â€Å"You really didn't know. You haven't heard all the prophecies, have you?† He struck a mocking oratorical pose. â€Å"There's supposed to be: One from the land of kings long forgotten; One from the hearth which still holds the spark; One from the Day World where two eyes are watching; One from the twilight to be one with the dark.† The Day World, Jez thought. Not the Night World, the human world. At least one of the Wild Powers had to be human. Unbelievable†¦ but why not? Wild Powers were supposed to be weird. Then she thought of something and her stomach sank. â€Å"No wonder you're so eager to turn her in,† she said softly. â€Å"Not just to get a reward-â€Å" â€Å"But because the little scum deserves to die-or whatever it is Hunter has in mind for her.† Morgead's voice was matter-of-fact. â€Å"Yeah, vermin have no right developing Night World powers. Right?† â€Å"Of course right,† Jez said without emotion. I'm going to have to watch this kid every minute, she thought. He's got no pity at all for her-Goddess knows what he might do before letting me have her. â€Å"Jez.† Morgead's voice was soft, almost pleasant, but it caught Jez's full attention. â€Å"Why didn't Hunter tell you that prophecy? The Council dug it up last week.† She glanced at him and felt an inner shiver. Suspicion was cold in the depths of his green eyes. When Morgead was yelling and furious he was dangerous enough, but when he was quiet like this, he was deadly. â€Å"I have no idea,† she said flatly, tossing the problem back at him. â€Å"Maybe because I was already out here in California when they figured it out. But why don't you call him and ask yourself? I'm sure he'd love to hear from you.† There was a pause. Then Morgead gave her a look of disgust and turned away. A good bluff is priceless, Jez thought. It was safe now to move on. She said, â€Å"So what do the ‘two eyes watching' mean in the prophecy?† He rolled his own eyes. â€Å"How should I know? You figure it out. You've always been the smart one.† Despite the heavy sarcasm, Jez felt a different kind of shiver, one of surprise. He really believed that. Morgead was so smart himself-he'd seen that flicker on the TV screen and realized what it was, when apparently none of the adults in the Bay Area had-but he thought she was smarter. â€Å"Well, you seem to be doing all right yourself,† she said. She had been looking steadily at him, to show him no weakness, and she saw his expression change. His green eyes softened slightly, and the sarcastic quirk of his lip straightened. â€Å"Nah, I'm just blundering along,† he muttered, his gaze shifting. Then he glanced back up and somehow they were caught in a moment when they were just looking at each other in silence. Neither of them turned away, and Jez's heart gave a strange thump. The moment stretched. Idiot! This is ridiculous. A minute ago you were scared of him-not to mention sickened by his attitude toward humans. You can't just suddenly switch to this. But it was no good. Even the realization that she was in danger of her life didn't help. Jez couldn't think of a thing to say to break the tension, and she couldn't seem to look away from Morgead. â€Å"Jez, look-â€Å" He leaned forward and put a hand on her forearm. He didn't even seem to know he was doing it. His expression was abstracted now, and his eyes were fixed on hers. His hand was warm. Tingles spread from the place where it touched Jez's skin. â€Å"Jez†¦ about before †¦ I didn't†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Suddenly Jez's heart was beating far too quickly. I have to say something, she thought, fighting to keep her face impassive. But her throat was dry and her mind a humming blank. All she could feel clearly was the place where she and Morgead touched. All she could see clearly was his eyes. Cat's eyes, deepest emerald, with shifting green lights in them†¦. â€Å"Jez,† he said a third time. And Jez realized all at once that the silver thread between them hadn't been broken. That it might be stretched almost into invisibility, but it was still there, still pulling, trying to make her body go weak and her vision blur. Trying to make her fall toward Morgead even as he was falling toward her. And then came the sound of someone kicking in the front door.

Economic Overview - Organization for Economic Co-Operation...

In a recent article in Agricultural Commodities the status of a number of OECD nations economic health was reviewed. OECD stands for the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. OECD has 34 member countries that work together to help maintain and promote economic health and prosperity (OECD, 2013). The article also addresses the economic status of some non-OECD nations such as Japan and China. In order to fully grasp what the article means and how it’s data relates to the world, and national economy, as well as you as a consumer, you need to understand the economic principles behind the details. This paper will act as an in depth review of the article and and explanation of the principles and indices discussed and how†¦show more content†¦This brings us to another economic principle, government can sometimes improve market outcomes (Mankiw, 2012). The United States is a great example of economic growth being impacted by government action, especially in the year 2013. At the end of the first quarter of 2013 the U.S. growth rate was approximately 1.8%. This is attributed to a number of things, specifically reduced spending within the U.S. by both consumers and the government. Most notably, fiscal consolidation and budget sequestration could be to blame (Hamshere, 2013). These two decisions reduced government spending and in the case of sequestration stopped spending for a temporary period of time. Although these policies are not directly economic, meaning they weren’t made with the economy in mind, they do effect the economies performance. The largest part of any governments job is to enforce the laws that allow businesses to operate and maintain rights over their real and intellectual property. Once this is completed, as it is in most developed nations, the government can further impact the economy through measures that help guide the economy. 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